One Thousand and One Nights. One Thousand and One Nights (Arabic: . It is often known in English as the Arabian Nights, from the first English language edition (1. The Arabian Nights' Entertainment. The tales themselves trace their roots back to ancient and medieval Arabic, Persian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Jewish. In particular, many tales were originally folk stories from the Caliphate era, while others, especially the frame story, are most probably drawn from the Pahlavi Persian work. Arabian Nights (2000) (TV) at the Internet Movie Database; Arabian Nights at RHI Entertainment. The Arabian Nights Entertainments Contents: The story of the merchant and the genius -- The story of the first old man and of the hind -- The story of the second old man and of the two black dogs -- The story of the fisherman. Haz. A Thousand Tales) which in turn relied partly on Indian elements. The stories proceed from this original tale; some are framed within other tales, while others begin and end of their own accord. Some editions contain only a few hundred nights, while others include 1,0. The bulk of the text is in prose, although verse is occasionally used for songs and riddles and to express heightened emotion.
Most of the poems are single couplets or quatrains, although some are longer. Some of the stories very widely associated with The Nights, in particular . Shahryar begins to marry a succession of virgins only to execute each one the next morning, before she has a chance to dishonour him. Eventually the vizier, whose duty it is to provide them, cannot find any more virgins. Scheherazade, the vizier's daughter, offers herself as the next bride and her father reluctantly agrees. On the night of their marriage, Scheherazade begins to tell the king a tale, but does not end it. The king, curious about how the story ends, is thus forced to postpone her execution in order to hear the conclusion. The next night, as soon as she finishes the tale, she begins (and only begins) a new one, and the king, eager to hear the conclusion, postpones her execution once again. So it goes on for 1,0. The tales vary widely: they include historical tales, love stories, tragedies, comedies, poems, burlesques and various forms of erotica. Arabian Nights In Arabic Pdf FileNumerous stories depict jinns, ghouls, apes. Sometimes a character in Scheherazade's tale will begin telling other characters a story of his own, and that story may have another one told within it, resulting in a richly layered narrative texture. The different versions have different individually detailed endings (in some Scheherazade asks for a pardon, in some the king sees their children and decides not to execute his wife, in some other things happen that make the king distracted) but they all end with the king giving his wife a pardon and sparing her life. The narrator's standards for what constitutes a cliffhanger seem broader than in modern literature. While in many cases a story is cut off with the hero in danger of losing his life or another kind of deep trouble, in some parts of the full text Scheherazade stops her narration in the middle of an exposition of abstract philosophical principles or complex points of Islamic philosophy, and in one case during a detailed description of human anatomy according to Galen. Robert Irwin summarises their findings: . Most scholars agreed that the Nights was a composite work and that the earliest tales in it came from India and Persia. At some time, probably in the early 8th century, these tales were translated into Arabic under the title Alf Layla, or 'The Thousand Nights'. This collection then formed the basis of The Thousand and One Nights. The original core of stories was quite small. Then, in Iraq in the 9th or 1. Arab stories added to it . Also, perhaps from the 1. In the early modern period yet more stories were added to the Egyptian collections so as to swell the bulk of the text sufficiently to bring its length up to the full 1,0. The influence of the Panchatantra and Baital Pachisi is particularly notable. The Tale of the Bull and the Ass and the linked Tale of the Merchant and his Wife are found in the frame stories of both the Jataka and the Nights. Only fragments of the original Sanskrit form of this work exist, but translations or adaptations exist in Tamil. In the 1. 0th century Ibn al- Nadim compiled a catalogue of books (the . He noted that the Sassanid kings of Iran enjoyed . He mentions the characters Shirazd (Scheherazade) and Dinazad. This would place genesis of the collection in the 8th century. This is the earliest known surviving fragment of the Nights. One such cycle of Arabic tales centres around a small group of historical figures from 9th- century Baghdad, including the caliph Harun al- Rashid (died 8. Jafar al- Barmaki (d. Abu Nuwas (d. Another cluster is a body of stories from late medieval Cairo in which are mentioned persons and places that date to as late as the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The Syrian tradition includes the oldest manuscripts; these versions are also much shorter and include fewer tales. It is represented in print by the so- called Calcutta I (1. It is believed to be the purest expression of the style of the mediaeval Arabian Nights. The final product of this tradition, the so- called Zotenberg Egyptian Recension, does contain 1. Bulaq (1. 83. 5) and the Macnaghten or Calcutta II (1. It is debated which of the Arabic recensions is more . This 1. 2- volume work, Les Mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en fran. He wrote that he heard them from a Syrian. Christian storyteller from Aleppo, a Maronite scholar whom he called . The first translations of this kind, such as that of Edward Lane (1. Unabridged and unexpurgated translations were made, first by John Payne, under the title The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night (1. Sir Richard Francis Burton, entitled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (1. Burton's original 1. Baghdad Edition and perhaps others) entitled The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night, which were printed between 1. It has, however, been criticized for its . Mardrus, issued from 1. It was translated into English by Powys Mathers, and issued in 1. Like Payne's and Burton's texts, it is based on the Egyptian recension and retains the erotic material, indeed expanding on it, but it has been criticized for inaccuracy. This version, known as the Leiden text, was compiled in Arabic by Muhsin Mahdi (1. English by Husain Haddawy (1. Mahdi argued that this version is the earliest extant one (a view that is largely accepted today) and that it reflects most closely a . It is translated by Malcolm C. Lyons and Ursula Lyons with introduction and annotations by Robert Irwin. This is the first complete translation of the Macnaghten or Calcutta II edition (Egyptian recension) since Burton's. It contains, in addition to the standard text of 1. Nights, the so- called . As the translator himself notes in his preface to the three volumes, . Moreover, it streamlines somewhat and has cuts. In this sense it is not, as claimed, a complete translation. Timeline. Discovered by scholar Nabia Abbott in 1. Kitab Hadith Alf Layla (. He attributes a pre- Islamic Sassanian Persian origin to the collection and refers to the frame story of Scheherazade telling stories over a thousand nights to save her life. However, according to al- Nadim, the book contains only 2. Curiously, al- Nadim also writes disparagingly of the collection's literary quality, observing that . Later volumes were introduced using Galland's name though the stories were written by unknown persons at the behest of the publisher wanting to capitalize on the popularity of the collection. An anonymously translated version in English appears in Europe dubbed the . This is entitled The Arabian Nights' Entertainment . Based, as many European on the French translation. Egyptian version of The Nights called . A second volume was released in 1. Both had 1. 00 tales each. Early 1. 9th century: Modern Persian translations of the text are made, variously under the title Alf leile va leile, Haz. One early extant version is that illustrated by Sani al- Molk (1. Christian Maxmilian Habicht (born in Breslau, Kingdom of Prussia, 1. Tunisian Murad Al- Najjar and created this edition containing 1. Using versions of The Nights, tales from Al- Najjar, and other stories from unknown origins Habicht published his version in Arabic and German. It is primarily a reprinting of the ZER text. It claims to be based on an older Egyptian manuscript (which was never found). This version contains many elements and stories from the Habicht edition. Torrens version in English. Notable for its exclusion of content Lane found . His version accentuated the sexuality of the stories vis- . Mardrus publishes a French version using Bulaq and Calcutta II editions. First Polish translation based on the original language edition, but compressed 1. PIW. 1. 98. 4: Muhsin Mahdi publishes an Arabic edition which he claims is faithful to the oldest Arabic versions surviving (primarily based on the Syrian manuscript in the Biblioth. Khawam. 19. 90: Husain Haddawy publishes an English translation of Mahdi. New Penguin Classics translation (in three volumes) by Malcolm C. Lyons and Ursula Lyons of the Calcutta II edition. Literary themes and techniques. Many of Scheherazade's tales are also frame stories, such as the Tale of Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman being a collection of adventures related by Sindbad the Seaman to Sindbad the Landsman. The concept of the frame story dates back to ancient Sanskrit literature, and was introduced into Persian and Arabic literature through the Panchatantra. Embedded narrative. The Nights, however, improved on the Panchatantra in several ways, particularly in the way a story is introduced. In the Panchatantra, stories are introduced as didactic analogies, with the frame story referring to these stories with variants of the phrase . In most of Scheherazade's narrations there are also stories narrated, and even in some of these, there are some other stories. The device is also used to great effect in stories such as . In yet another tale Scheherazade narrates, . This technique dates back to the One Thousand and One Nights. The Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini observed. So a chain of anomalies is set up.
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